Biochemistry

Created by Angelo Carrera

2 NADH

2 ATP

2 H+

2 Pyr

products

2 H2O

reactants

1 Glu

2 NAD+

2 ADP

2 P_i

Glycolysis

Glucose

P_i

ATP

ADP

hexokinase

G6Ptase

Glucose-6-Phosphatase

H2O

Gal

inhibits

feedback inhibition

G6P

Glycogenesis

G6P

UDP-Gal

Citrate

PGI

Phospho-gluco-isomerase

Mannose

PGM

Phopsho-gluco-mutase

UDP-Glu

Severe exhaustion

ATP Conc.

Paralysis

high

inhibits

ADP

ATP

F6P

M6P

Nausea

Dermatitis

low

activates

PFK

Phospho-fructo-kinase

FBPtase

Fructose1,6-Bisphosphatase

P_i

G1P

Glucose 1-Phosphate

deficiency, causes

H2O

deficiency, causes

Pellagra

F1,6BP

UDP-Glu Pyrophosphorylase

G1P-Uridyltransferase

beriberi

deficiency, causes

deficiency, causes

Anemia

Glycogen phophorylase

B3 Niacin

NAD

Nervous disorders

Fructose

aldolase

UDP-Glu

Uridine diphosphate-Glucose

TPP

deficiency, causes

FAD

deficiency, causes

Fructokinase

DHAP+G3P

Glycogen synthase

B1 Thiamin

B2 Riboflavin

DHAP

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogen

Scurvy

deficiency, causes

B5 Pantothenic Acid

CoA

PLP

F1P

aldolase B

TPI

Triose-Phosphate-Isomerase

B6 Pyridoxine

G3P

Neurotransmitters

C

B Complex

B7 Biotin

deficiency, causes

Muscle weakness

G3P

THF

Glyceraldehyde

restores functionality of

Water Soluble

B9 Folate

deficiency, causes

Triokinase

2 G3P

everything below happens twice

Blindness

deficiency, causes

Tocopherols

E

Vitamins

Classification

B12 Cobalamin

NAD+ & P_i

NADH & H+

Pemicious anemia

Fe

Zn

Cu

Co

deficiency, causes

Retinol

Retinal

rbc

K

deficiency, causes

G3P-dH

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

A

Fat Soluble

Phylloquinone

Menaquinone

Activator

Tightly-bound metal

Retinoic Acid

deficiency, causes

1,3BPG

1,3-Bisphosphateglycerate

Rickets

D

Essential ion

Cofactor

Mg2+ & ADP

ATP

Cholecalcefirol

Ergocalciferol

for furanose, add C1 opposite of Anomer

Types

Feedback control

PGK

Phopho-glycero-kinase

Isomerases

Oxidoreductases

Allosteric site

α

anomer -OH opposite side of C6

check Anomer

β

anomer -OH same side of C6

Transferases

Hydrolases

Allosterism

Covalent modification

Suicide substrate

Cofactor

L-config

Downward C6

check Enantiomer

Holoenzyme

Conjugated

Ligases

Lyases

Regulation

Isoenzymes

Irreversible

hyaluronic acid

support cartilage and connective tissue

use therapeutically to improve joint lubrication

D-Config

Upward C6

Classes

X graph

Genetic testing and Molecular Dx

• DNA & RNA is needed to identify inherited diseases, infections, and genetic mutations

3PG

3-Phosphoglycerate

Apoenzyme

Competitive

follow LURD for OH

LURD = Left Up - Right Down

Carbs Digestion

Classification

Inhibition

osteoarthritis

loss of cartilage components

glycogen

Simple

lowers

Enzymes

Cuvik

Parallel graph

store for later use

PGAM

Phospho-glycero-mutase

Reversible

Uncompetitive

Udvdk

form important biomolecule

immediate

digested

food masticated

Mouth

Salivary Amylase

hydrolyze α-glycosidic bonds

Gibbs Free Energy

Absolute

V graph

ribose & deoxyribose

monosacc that form the sugar backbone of RNA and DNA

cellulose

provide rigidity in plants

polysacc

monosacc

disacc

polysacc

check C2, 3,4

check C3,4

2PG

starch

<0

>0

Components

Specificity

Noncompetitive

Ndvuk

provide energy

diabetus mellitus

failure to properly regulate blood glucose

put C2 at right then go clockwise

H2O

bolus

Stomach

disables

react with HCl, in stomach

Chyme

put C1 at right then go clockwise

Exergonic

Endergonic

provide structural support

Active Site

Substrate

Group

ABO Blood Group

blood type is determined what carb struct is on the surface of rbc

muscle cells

GTP

Stereo

liver cells

ATP Conc.

high

enolase

inhibits

GDP & CO2

ADP

ATP

PEP

Small Intestine

Pancreatic α-amylase

break down polysacc

disacc

rxn is spontaneous

rxn is not spontaneous

ES-complex

Enzyme-Substrate

Linkage

create pyranose ring

create furanose ring

PEP-CK

Phospho-enol-phosphate-carboxy-kinase

oligosacc

attached to cell surface help cell recognize and comm with one another

glycogen storage disease

enzyme deficiency

enable cell comms and recognition

low

activates

Pyruvatekinase

Outer Membrane of intestinal mucosal cells

glycogen

Oxaloacetate

conversion

Gluconeogenesis

Pyr

Pyruvatecarboxylase

Lactase

Sucrase

Maltase

store energy

ATP & CO2

P_i & ADP

N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine

D-Glucosamine but NH_2 is

memorize struct

• glyceral
• dha
• glucose - OHOO
• galactose - C4 glc
• mannose - C2 glc
• fructose - HOO
• ribose - OOO

pyruvate decarboxylase

lactate dH

Acetaldehyde

Lactate

Hydrogen bonds

Disulfide Bridges

α

opposite direction for anomer -OH and Enantiomer(CH2OH)

β

same direction for anomer -OH and Enantiomer(CH2OH)

C5 attacks carbonyl

Salt bridges

D-Mannosamine

C2 Epimer of D-Glucosamine

alcohol dH

Covalent Bonds

Acetyl CoA

3°

D-Glucosamine

NH_2 instead of -OH in C2

D-Galactosamine

C4 Epimer of D-Glucosamine

Fischer

β Anomer

most abundant because equatorial conformation is more stable

Citric Cycle

pyruvate dH complex

Ethanol

Metal ion coordination

Hydrophobic interaction

Anti-parallel

Parallel

D-Glc

Anomers

differs at Anomeric Carbon

C1 at aldose

C2 at ketose

alpha-helix

Amino Sugars

contains NH_2 instead of -OH

aldehyde

functions

Haworth

2°

beta-pleated

PVT TIM HaLL

• Phenyalanine
• Valine
• Tyrosine
• Threonine
• Isoleucine
• Methionine
• Histidine
• Arginine*
• Leucine
• Lysine

D-Gal

C4 of D-Glc

Relation = C-#

D-Gal and D-Glc are different at carbon-4 in their structure

cis/trans

ketone

most stable conformation of pyranoses

multiple proteins

4°

L-Config

C,H,O

1°

Strain-free Chair Conformation

Fi=cks

• Collagen
• Keratin
• Silk Fibroin

Structure

Essentials

GAVLIP MWF

• Glycine
• Alanine
• Valine
• Leucine
• Isoleucine
• Proline
• Methionine
• Tryptophan
• Phenylalanine

formula

or 

polyhydroxyl

meaning multiple -OH

Fibrous

concerns

CYST QN

• Cysteine
• Tyrosine
• Serine
• Threonine
• Glutamine
• Asparagine

Epimers

• only 1 different chiral Carbon

learn how to tell anomer

Diastereomers

• nonsuperimposable non-mirror images

contains

most of the time

Non-polar

D-Config

Projections

Classification

naturally occuring carbs

hydrates of Carbons

Aldotriose

Glyceraldehyde

Globular

Proteins

building block

Amino Acids

Polar Neutral

Classification

Polar Acidic

DE

• Aspartic Acid
• Glutamic Acid

Stereoisomers

should be

Glo=MAA

• Myoglobin
• Actin
• Albumin

Enantiomer

• nonsuperimposable mirror images
• conventional, look at 2nd to the last C or last chiral carbon

Structural Config

Carbohydrates

aldose

Aldotetrose

4ET

• erythrose
• threose

made up of

up to 50 AA

more than 50 AA

Groups

Aromatic

Polar Basic

Classification

carbonyl R-group

Denaturation

HKR

• Histidine
• Lysine
• Arginine

Constitutional

Different connections

contains

ketose

Peptides

Polypeptide

Carboxyl

Amine

HWYF

• Histidine
• Tryptophan
• Tyrosine
• Phenylalanine

Hemiacetal

1 R in aldehyde is H

Triose

Carbon count

Aldopentose

5RiLAX

• ribose
• lyxose
• arabinose
• xylose

Physical

Chemical

acts as acid

acts as base

Types

listed below is biologically relevant sugars

Tetrose

Pentose

Structural Config

Reducing Sugar

reacts in tollen's and benedict's soln.

Hexose

Mix

Aldohexose

6AI MAT 3G

• allose
• idose
• mannose
• altrose
• talose
• gulose
• glucose
• galactose

donate proton

accepts proton

Monosaccharides

Enantiomer

conventional, H on right/left of chiral C

Ribose

• part of complex molecules
  • RNA
  • ATP
  • DNA
• furanose

Ketotriose

DHA

Dihydroxyacetone

TUPA

• Temperature
• UV
• Pressure
• Agitation

BARD OSH

• Base
• Acid
• Reducing Agent
• Detergent
• Organic Solvent
• Salts
• Heavy Metals

Cellulobiose

cannot be digested by human

naturally occuring AA

L-Config

D-Config

Polysaccharides

• often called "glycans"
• not sweet
• limited water solubility

Oligosaccharides

• commonly found in onions, cabbages, broccoli, and whole wheat
• can distinguish blood type

Disaccharides

Ketotetrose

Fru

• aka levulose and fruit sugar
• sweetest tasting of all sugars
• high dietary due to sweetness
• furanose

4E

• erythrulose

Amylopectin

• 15-20% of starch

Glc

• most abundant in nature
• aka grape sugar, blood sugar, dextrose
• normal blood glc conc. = 70-100 mg/dL
• pyranose
• cells use glc as primary source of energy

Homo

Solanine

• found in potato
• greening = high solanine
• makes it bitter at
  high conc.
• protects potato from
  predators or insects

Sucrose

Table Sugar

Ketopentose

5RX

• ribulose
• xylulose

Starch

• energy storage in plants
• in potato and cereal grains
• iodine often used to test
  presence of starch in soln

Maltose

• malt sugar
• can be easily
  digested by
  humans

Amylose

• 80-85% of starch

Lactose

major sugar found in milk

regulates

synthesized

in mammary glands for use in lactose

Man

• found in many fruits
• important in glycolysation of proteins in the body
• participate in immune defense
• pyranose

Ketohexose

6PFTS

• psicose
• fructose
• tagatose
• sorbose

Cellulose

• linear homopolysacc
• humans do not have
  enzyme to break  β (1-4)
• humans cannot digest cellulose

Glycogen

• energy storage in
  humans and animals
• storage site for humans
  = liver cells and muscle cells
• more highly branched
  than amylopectin

Hetero

insulin

Chitin (kai-tn)

• N-Acetyl D-Glucosamine
• linear polysacc

Lactose Intolerance

• inability to digest lactose
• caused by deficiency in
  lactase enzyme in small intestine
• undigested lactose is fermented by gut bacteria producing gas & acids

glucagon

Gal

• aka brain sugar because it's found in brain and nerve tissue
• used to differentiate blood
• pyranose

Hyaluronic Acid

• alternate N-acetyl- β -D-Glucosamine and D-glucuronate
• highly viscous
• lubricant of joints
• help tissue heals
• cushion of cartilage

α-D-Glc

Glycosidic Links

Maltose

α(1-4)

α-D-Glc

Heparin

• alternate D-Glucuronate-2-sulfate + N-sulfo-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate
• found in mast cells especially in
  • liver
  • lungs
  • skin
• blood anticoagulant/blood thinner
• acidic polysacc

D-Glc

α(1-6)

β(1-4)

α1 - β2

Sucrose

branched

β-D-Fru

Cellulose

Cellulobiose

Lactose

Amylose

Glycogen

Amylopectin

β-D-Glc

D-Glc

β-D-Gal

Glc